Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

Historians (and sometimes political scientists) are surveyed and asked to give Presidents of the United States number ratings on their overall performance or on different aspects of their leadership.

Several different factors are considered in deciding what makes one a good or bad president. These include their character, their vision for the country, their relations with congress, their relations with foreign leaders (diplomacy), how they managed the economy, how they managed the military, and their overall political skill.

To make sure the rankings are fair, many surveys equally balance the opinions of liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans.

It is sometimes difficult to accurately rank a president because all of the presidents faced completely different challenges and lived in different times.

Historical opinions of U.S. presidents often change over time. For example, Harry Truman had very low approval ratings right after he left office, but many historians now consider him among the greatest presidents.

Highly ranked
The following presidents are usually ranked highly:
 * George Washington (the first president of the United States and helped the United States win the American Revolutionary War)
 * John Adams (oversaw the Quasi-War)
 * Thomas Jefferson (partly because of the Louisiana Purchase and for being the author of the Declaration of Independence)
 * James Madison (led the United States through the War of 1812)
 * James Monroe (expanded the United States and supported the founding of colonies in Africa for free African Americans)
 * James K. Polk (President during the Mexican American War)
 * Abraham Lincoln (led the United States through the American Civil War and helped end slavery)
 * Theodore Roosevelt (strengthened the United States Navy and had the Panama Canal built)
 * Woodrow Wilson (President during World War I, supporting women's rights, and created the Federal Reserve)
 * Franklin Roosevelt (led the country through the Great Depression by restoring the economy and President during World War II)
 * Harry Truman (President during the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War and the integration of the Armed Forces)
 * Dwight Eisenhower (President during the Cold War, created NASA, and expanded the United States highway system)
 * John F. Kennedy (led the United States through the Cuban Missile Crisis and Cold War)
 * Ronald Reagan (helped restore the American economy by lowering inflation and creating jobs, created better relations with Soviet Russia, helped end the creation of new nuclear weapons, and led the United States through the end of the Cold War)
 * Bill Clinton (helped recover the American economy by reducing taxes, created a healthcare plan for children, and for creating a waiting period to buy a handgun)

Mixed ratings
Some presidents have mixed ratings. For example, Andrew Jackson is considered to be a leader who stood for the common man, but at the same time historians criticize him because of the Indian Removal Act. Ulysses S. Grant is thought to be a bad leader since he hired corrupt friends for government jobs, but at the same time he helped African-American to have more rights in the Reconstruction Era.

Recent examples:
 * Lyndon B. Johnson, who passed civil rights bills and President during the Great Society, but also escalated the Vietnam War
 * Jimmy Carter, who helped pardon Vietnam War draft evaders, created the Education and Energy departments and negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, but weakened the American economy through high unemployment and high inflation and oversaw the Iran hostage crisis, an oil crisis and the failed Operation Eagle Claw.
 * George H. W. Bush, who successfully led the United States through the Persian Gulf War and for formally ending the Cold War, but the American economy got worse during his presidency.
 * George W. Bush, who led the nation through the September 11 attacks, but whose presidency weakened the American economy, led the country through the controversial War on Terror, passed the Patriot Act and caused the Financial crisis of 2007–2008.

Low in rankings
Chester Arthur, William Howard Taft, Benjamin Harrison, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Rutherford B. Hayes, Martin Van Buren, and Richard Nixon are considered to be below average.

John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan are often considered to be among the worst because they failed to prevent the growth of the slavery which resulted in the Civil War.

Andrew Johnson is often ranked among the worst because he was against the Reconstruction.

Warren G. Harding is often considered to be the worst because he hired corrupt friends to become government officials.

Not ranked
William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are often not ranked because they both died shortly after becoming presidents. When they are included, they are usually low in the list.

Also, Donald Trump is not ranked because his presidency has not ended yet. For the same reason, Barack Obama is not ranked in some polls because his presidency ended less than ten years ago.

Other websites

 * C-SPAN
 * Opinion Journal
 * Times of London